History of Transgender Medicine in the United States

History of Transgender Medicine in the United States

From Margins to Mainstream

Green, Jamison; Lynch, Kyan; Wolf-Gould, Carolyn; Denny, Dallas

State University of New York Press

02/2025

592

Mole

9798855801217

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Acknowledgments

Introduction
Carolyn Wolf-Gould, Dallas Denny, Jamison Green, and Kyan Lynch

Section I. The International Roots of Transgender Medicine

1. Precolonial Gender Identities and the International Roots of Transitional Practices
Serena Nanda

2. The Rise of Sexology in Europe
Clayton J. Whisnant

2a. Transgender Pioneer: Le Chevaliere d'Eon (1728-1810)
Clayton J. Whisnant

3. Hirschfeld, Benjamin, and Kinsey
Annette Timm and Jamison Green

3a. Transgender Pioneer: Lili Elbe (1882-1931)
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

3b. Transgender Pioneer: Otto Spengler (1873-Unknown)
Christopher Wolf-Gould

3c. Establishing North American Cultural Norms: Early Transgender Colonists and Americans (1600-1930s)
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

4. International Pioneers of Trans-Specific Care
Alexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando

4a. Transgender Pioneers: Michael Dillon, M.A., M.B.B.Ch. (1915-1962) and Roberta Cowell, B.Sc. (1918-2011)
Alexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando

4b. Transgender Pioneers: Coccinelle (1931-2006), April Ashley (1935-), and Jan Morris, MA (1926-2020)
Alexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando

5. Two-Spirit Health in North America
Trudie Jackson

5a. Transgender Pioneer: Ashliana Hawelu
Ashliana Hawelu

Section II. From the Margins

6. The Beginnings of Trans-Affirming Care in the United States
Tj Gundling

6a. Construction of the "Good" Transsexual and Those Who Did Not Fit the Bill
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

7. Trans Circles of Knowledge and Intimacy
Annette F. Timm and Jamison Green

7a. Transgender Pioneer: Louise Lawrence (1912-1976): Unsung Mother of the Trans Community
Ms. Bob Davis and Jules Gill-Peterson

7b. Transgender Pioneer: Virginia Prince, Ph.D. (1912-2009)
Dallas Denny

7c. Transgender Pioneer: A Curbside Encounter with Dr. Harry Benjamin
Sharon Stuart

7d. Transgender Pioneer: Louis Sullivan (1951-1991): Changing the Paradigm About Sex and Gender
Jamison Green

8. Early Trans-Focused Psychology and Psychiatry in the United States: 1910-1990
Dallas Denny, Jamison Green, and Hansel Arroyo

8a. Transgender Pioneer: Joseph Israel Lobdell (1829-1912)
Bambi Lobdell

8b. Transgender Pioneer: David O. Cauldwell, MD (1897-1959)
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

8c. The Religious Response to Medical Interventions
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

9. The Costs of Medicalization
Kyan Lynch, Carolyn Wolf-Gould, Dallas Denny, and Jennifer Lee

Section III. Encounters with the Mainstream

10. Legitimizing Trans: Reed Erickson, B.Sc. (1917-1992) and the Erickson Educational Foundation
Aaron Devor

11. Blinded by the Binary: Gender Clinics in the United States in the Mid-Twentieth Century
Dallas Denny

12. Trans Rights as Civil Rights
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

12a. Transgender Pioneer: Marsha P. Johnson (1945-1992)
Amanda Yijun Wang

12b. Transgender Pioneer: Silvia Rivera (1951-2002): "The Rosa Parks of the Modern Transgender Movement"
Teri Wilhelm and Carolyn Wolf-Gould

12c. Transgender Pioneer: Dallas Denny (1949-)
Kenneth Hubbell

12d. Transgender Pioneer: Jamison Green (1948-)
Teri Wilhelm

13. The Evolution of Professional Organizations and Standards of Care: An Insider's Perspective
Jamison Green

14. The Biological Underpinnings of Gender Identity
Carolyn Wolf-Gould and Joshua D. Safer

14a. Eugen Steinach (1861-1944) and his Clinical Trials
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

14b. "Born This Way" Data: Biological Validation or Cultural Oppression?
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

15. Developing Meaningful Transgender Health Research: A Journey Towards Social Justice
George R. Brown and Carolyn Wolf-Gould

15a. By Us and For Us: Bringing Ethics into Transgender Health Research
Noah Adams, Ruth Pearce, Jaimie Veale, Asa Radix, Amrita Sarkar, and Danielle Castro

15b. Transgender Veterans and the Veterans Health Administration
Jillian Shipherd

Section IV. Establishing the Interdisciplinary Field of Transgender Health Within the Medical Mainstream

16.The Evolution of Hormonal Care in the United States
Asa Radix, Zil Goldstein, and Alexander B. Harris

16a. Transgender Pioneer: Jeanne Hoff, MD (1938-)
Noah Adams

16b. Transgender Pioneer: JoAnne Keatley, M.S.W. (1951-)
Teri Wilhelm

16c. Transgender Pioneer: Admiral Rachel Leland Levine, M.D. (1957-)
Dallas Denny

17. Changing the Body to Match the Mind: The Development of Gender-Affirming Surgery in the United States
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

17a. Transgender Pioneer: Alan Hart, MD (1890-1962)
Carolyn Wolf-Gould

17b. Transgender Pioneer: Elmer Belt, MD (1893-1980)
Amy Block

17c. Transgender Pioneer: Christine McGinn, D.O. (1969-)
Yongha Kim

18. The Treatment of Transgender and Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents
Diane Ehrensaft

18a. The Pediatric Gender Management Service and Gender Surgery Center at Boston Children's Hospital
David A. Diamond

18b. Adolescent Medical Care
Tresne Hernandez and Katherine Blumoff Greenberg

19. The History of Voice Modification Therapies
Jack Pickering and Terren Lansdaal

19a. Transgender Pioneer: Musings from a Trans Speech and Language Pathologist
Terren Lansdaal

20. Hair Troubles
Dallas Denny and Yuki Arai

Section V. The Future

21. The Future of Transgender Health in the United States
Kyan Lynch

Notes
Index