Methods to Study Litter Decomposition

Preface

Foreword

Part 1. Litter dynamics







1. Litter Input (Arturo Elosegi & Jesus Pozo)



2. Leaf Retention (Arturo Elosegi)



3. Manipulating Litter Retention in Streams (Michael Dobson)



4. Coarse Benthic Organic Matter (Jesus Pozo & Arturo Elosegi)



5. Leaching (Felix Baerlocher)



6. Leaf Mass Loss Estimated by the Litter-Bag Technique (Felix Baerlocher)



7. Determining Litter Mass Loss by the Plant Tagging Approach (Kevin A. Kuehn & Mark O. Gessner)



8. Wood Decomposition (Arturo Elosegi, Maite Arroita & Libe Solagaistua)



9. Decomposition of Fine Particulate Organic Matter (Yoshimura Chihiro)



10. Coarse Particulate Organic Matter Budgets (Jesus Pozo & Jon Molinero)







Part 2. Chemical and Physical Leaf Properties







11. Total Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Carbon in Leaf Litter (Mogens R. Flindt, Ana I. Lillebo, Javier Perez & Veronica Ferreira)



12. Total Protein (Mark O. Baerlocher)



13. Free Amino Acids (Shawn D. Mansfield & Mark O. Baerlocher)



14. Determination of Total Carbohydrates (Shawn D. Mansfield)



15. Determination of Soluble Carbohydrates (Letitia da Ros, Faride Unda, Shawn D. Mansfield)



16. Total Lipids (Mark O. Gessner & Paul T. M. Neumann)



17. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Decomposing Leaf Litter (Eric Von Elert)



18. Total Phenolics (Felix Baerlocher & Manuel A.S. Graca)



19. Radial Diffusion Assay for Tannins (Manuel A.S. Graca & Felix Baerlocher)



20. Acid Butanol Assay to Determine Bulk Concentrations of Condensed Tannins (Mark O. Gessner & Daniel Steiner)



21. Lignin and Cellulose (Mark O. Gessner)



22. Physical Litter Properties: Leaf Toughness and Tensile Strength (Manuel A.S. Graca & Martin Zimmer)







Part 3. Microbial Decomposers







23. Techniques for Handling Ingoldian Fungi (Enrique Descals)



24. Maintenance of Aquatic Hyphomycete Cultures (Ludmila Marvanova)



25. An Illustrated Key to the Common Temperate Species of Aquatic Hyphomycetes (Vladislav Gulis, Ludmila Marvanova & Enrique Descals)



26. Sporulation by Aquatic Hyphomycetes (Felix Baerlocher)



27. Ergosterol as a Measure of Fungal Biomass (Mark O. Gessner)



28. Fungal Growth Rates and Production (Keller Suberkropp, Mark O. Gessner & Kevin A. Kuehn)



29. Bacterial Abundance and Biomass Determination in Plant Litter by Epifluorescence Microscopy (Nanna Buesing & Mark O. Gessner)



30. Growth and Production of Litter-Associated Bacteria (Nanna Buesing, Mark O. Gessner & Kevin A. Kuehn)



31. Isolation of Cellulose-Degrading Bacteria (Juergen Marxsen)



32. ATP as a Measure of Microbial Biomass (Manuela Abelho)



33. Respiration of Litter-Associated Microbes and Invertebrates (Manuel A.S. Graca & Manuela Abelho)







Part 4. Molecular Microbial Community Analyses







34. Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-Rflp) to Estimate Fungal Diversity (Liliya G. Nikolcheva & Felix Baerlocher)



35. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) to Estimate Fungal Diversity (Liliya G. Nikolcheva & Felix Baerlocher)



36. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) to Estimate Molecular Fungal Abundance (Christiane Baschien & J. Steffen C. Carl)



37. Metabarcoding of Litter-associated Fungi and Bacteria (Sofia Duarte, Christian Wurzbacher & Sahadevan Seena)



38. Identifying Active Members of Litter Fungal Communities by Precursor rRNA (Martina Stursova & Petr Baldrian)



39. Gene Expression Analysis of Litter-Associated Fungi Using RNA-Seq (Elizabeth C. Bourne, Paul R. Johnston, Elisabeth Funk & Michael T. Monaghan)



40. Metaproteomics of Litter-associated Fungi (Katharina M. Keiblinger & Katharina Riedel)







Part 5. Enzymatic Capabilities







41. Extractellular Fungal Hydrolytic Enzyme Activity (Shawn D. Mansfield)



42. Cellulases (Martin Zimmer)



43. Viscosimetric Determination of Endocellulase Activity (Bjoern Hendel & Juergen Marxsen)



44. Fluorometric Determination of The Activity of ?-Glucosidase and other Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzymes (Bjoern Hendel & Juergen Marxsen)



45. Pectin-degrading Enzymes: Polygalacturonase and Pectin Lyase (Keller Suberkropp)



46. Lignin-degrading Enzymes: Phenoloxidase and Peroxidase (Bjoern Hendel, Robert L. Sinsabaugh & Juergen Marxsen)



47. Phenol Oxidation (Martin Zimmer)



48. Proteinase Activity: Azocoll and Thin-layer Enzyme Assay (Manuel A.S. Graca & Felix Baerlocher)







Part 6. Litter Consumers







49. Processing of Aquatic Invertebrates Colonizing Decomposing Litter (John S. Richardson)



50. Identifying Stream Invertebrates as Plant Litter Consumers (Luz Boyero, Richard G. Pearson, Ricardo J. Albarino, Marcos Callisto, Francisco Correa-Araneda, Andrea C. Encalada, Marcelo Moretti, Alonso Ramirez, April Sparkman, Christopher M. Swan, Catherine M. Yule & Manuel A.S. Graca)



51. Shredder Feeding and Growth Rates (Manuel A.S. Graca & Jose M. Gonzalez)



52. Feeding Preferences (Cristina Canhoto, Manuel A.S. Graca & Felix Baerlocher)



53. Energy Budget of Shredders (Manuel A.S. Graca)



54. The Role of Shredders in Litter Dynamics at Stream Scale (Jose M. Gonzalez & Manuel A.S. Graca)







Part 7. Litter Manipulations







55. Manipulation of Leaf Litter Stoichiometry (Julio Arce-Funck, Vincent Felten, Michael Danger)



56. Isotopic Labelling of Leaf-litter Nitrogen (Bernd Zeller, Severine Bienaime & Etienne Dambrine)



57. Decomposition and Consumption Tablets (DECOTABSs) (Gea H. van Der Lee, Ellard R. Hunting, J. Arie Vonk & Michiel H.S. Kraak)



58. Inoculation of Leaf Litter with Aquatic Hyphomycetes (Eric Chauvet)







Part 8. Data Analyses







59. A Primer for Statistical Analysis (Felix Baerlocher)



60. Determining Temperature-normalized Decomposition Rates (Mark O. Gessner & Frank Peeters)



61. Biodiversity Analysis (Felix Baerlocher)



62. A Bioinformatics Primer for the Analysis of Illumina MiSeq Data of Litter-associated Fungi and Bacteria (Sahadevan Seena, Sofia Duarte & Christian Wurzbacher)



63. A Primer for Meta-Analysis (Veronica Ferreira & Felix Baerlocher)

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• Biogeografia
• Biodiversidade
• Ciência ecológica, a biosfera
• Equipamentos científicos, experiências e técnicas

Biodiversity;Chemical and physical properties;Enzymatic analysis;Forests;ecosystem;environment;Litter