Why Historically Black Colleges and Universities Matter

Why Historically Black Colleges and Universities Matter

25 Years of Historical Research for Justice

Gasman, Marybeth; Banks, James A.

Teachers' College Press

02/2025

320

Dura

9780807786758

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Contents


Series Foreword ?ix

References ?xiii


Acknowledgments ?xvii


Introduction: The Experiences That Shaped Me as a Historian ?1

Why Conduct Research Related to Historically Black Colleges and Universities? ?5

The Evolution of My Research ?6

Evolution of My Historical Work ?7

Overview of Chapters ?9

Final Thoughts on This Volume ?11


Part I: Academic Freedom, Philanthropy, and Art


1. ?Scylla and Charybdis: Navigating the Waters of Academic Freedom at Fisk University During Charles S. Johnson's Administration (1946-1956) ?17

Academic Freedom at Fisk: A Checkered Past ?18

The Rise of Black Leadership at Fisk ?23

The Case of Lee Lorch ?26

A Decision to Secure Fisk's Future ?31


2. ?Modern Art in the Old South: The Role of the Arts in Fisk University's Campus Curriculum ?37

Laying the Foundation for an Arts-Focused Curriculum ?38

Charles S. Johnson: Fisk University President ?41

The Role of Art at Fisk University ?42

The International Student Center ?44

Biweekly Convocations ?45

The Stieglitz Collection ?46

Toward an Arts-Focused Curriculum ?47

Conclusion ?50


3. ?W.E.B. Du Bois and Charles S. Johnson: Differing Views on the Role of Philanthropy in Higher Education ?53

Understanding Du Bois-Radical Intellectual ?55

Understanding Johnson: Liberal Educator and Race Relations Pioneer ?60

Uncovering their Goals ?64

Philanthropy: Obstacle or Avenue? ?66

Conclusion ?69


PART II: FUNDRAISING AND RACE


4. ?Rhetoric vs. Reality: The Fundraising Messages of the United Negro College Fund in the Immediate Aftermath of the Brown Decision ?75

Background and Composition of the UNCF ?77

Preparing for the Brown Decision ?79

The Aftermath of the Supreme Court's Decision ?83

Responsibility to the Black Community ?85

Seeing a Wider Constituency ?86

The Impact of the Brown Decision on Donor Perceptions ?89

Recruiting Whites Becomes Difficult ?90

Implausible Suggestions, Real Possibilities ?92


5. ?Salvaging "Academic Disaster Areas": The Black College Response to Christopher Jencks and David Riesman's 1967 Harvard Educational Review Article ?97

The Jencks and Riesman Article ?98

Responding in the Media ?104

The Black College Response ?106

Support from the Wider Academic Community ?112

Jencks and Riesman's Response to the Black College Leaders ?115

Spinning Black Colleges in the Media ?120

A More Organized and Informed Response: Charles V. Willie's Harvard Conference ?122

Conclusion ?125


PART III: HISTORY INFORMED BY THEORY


6. ?Swept Under the Rug? A Historiography of Gender and Black Colleges ?131

Coming Clean on My Own Omissions ?134

The Historical Literature on Black Colleges ?134

Philanthropic Outside Control ?135

Internal Campus Relations ?141

Black Women's Higher Education ?151

Research Recommendations and Significance for Current Policy and Practice ?156


7. ?Perceptions of Black College Presidents: Sorting Through Stereotypes and Reality to Gain a Complex Picture ?159

Review of Relevant Literature ?161

Conclusion ?186


8. ?Mixed Motivations, Mixed Results: A History of Law, Legislation, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and Interest Convergence ?189

Early History of Black Colleges ?191

Separate but Equal? ?198

The "Great" Philanthropists ?199

Murray v. Pearson ?201

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada ?202

The Pre-Brown Higher Education Cases ?204

Separate Is Not Equal? ?206

Post-Brown Activity ?207

Historically Black College and University Acts ?212

The Impact of Fordice ?213

Renewed Interest From the White House ?215

Lawsuits in the Current Day ?216

Concluding Thought ?218


Epilogue: A Note on Method ?219


Endnotes ?223


Index ?286


About the Author ?300
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African American education; HBCUs; philanthropy; Fisk University; W.E.B. DuBois; Charles S. Johnson; United Negro College Fund; Christopher Jencks; David Riesman; interest convergence; historiography; history; leadership; art; curriculum; intellectual debate; Black agency; desegregation; Critical Race Theory; CRT