Gastrointestinal Nursing
portes grátis
Gastrointestinal Nursing
Care and Management of Digestive Disorders
Donnelly, Leigh
John Wiley & Sons Inc
05/2026
272
Mole
Inglês
9781394292813
Pré-lançamento - envio 15 a 20 dias após a sua edição
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Table of Contents
Dedication
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1: Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
Conor Hamilton
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of the Digestive system
1.3 Basic Cell Structure of the GI tract
1.3.1 Mucosa
1.3.2 Epithelium
1.3.3 Submucosa
1.3.4 Muscularis Externa
1.3.5 Serosa and Adventitia
1.4 Mouth and pharynx.
1.4.1 The lips.
1.4.2 The cheeks.
1.4.3 The palate.
1.4.4 The teeth.
1.4.5 Salivary Glands.
1.4.6 The tongue.
1.4.7 Pharynx
1.5 The Oesophagus
1.5.1 Blood supply of the oesophagus
1.5.2 Innervation of the oesophagus
1.5.3 Lymph drainage of the oesophagus
1.6 The stomach
1.6.1 Innervation of the stomach.
1.6.2 Blood supply to the stomach.
1.7 The Pancreas
1.7.1 Physiology of the Pancreas
1.7.2 Pancreatic blood supply
1.7.3 Pancreatic innervation
1.7.4 Pancreatic lymphatic drainage.
1.8 The Liver
1.8.1 Vascular Supply
1.8.2 Metabolism of Nutrients
1.8.3 Bile Production and Digestion
1.8.4 Immune Function
1.9 The Gallbladder
1.9.1 Gall bladder blood supply.
1.9.2 Gall bladder innervation.
1.9.3 Gallbladder lymph drainage.
1.10 The Small intestine
1.10.1 Duodenum
1.10.2 Jejunum
1.10.3 Ileum
1.10.4 Blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
1.10.5 Small intestine innervation
1.11 The Large intestine
1.11.1 Large intestinal blood supply
1.11.2 Innervation of the large intestine.
1.12 Reflective questions
Bibliography
Chapter 2: The Oesophagus
Paula Brayford
2.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD/GORD)
2.1.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.1.2 Presentation (Signs & Symptoms)
2.1.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.1.4 Management
2.1.5 Outcomes
2.1.6 Nursing care
2.2 Hiatus Hernia
2.2.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.2.2 Presentation
2.2.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.2.4 Management
2.2.5 Outcomes
2.2.6 Nursing
2.3 Oesophagitis and Oesophageal ulcers
2.3.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
2.3.2 Presentation
2.3.3 Diagnosis and Investigation
2.3.4 Management
2.3.5 Outcomes
2.3.6 Nursing care
2.4 Barrett's oesophagus
2.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.4.2 Presentation (Signs and Symptoms)
2.4.3 Diagnosis and Investigations
2.4.4 Management of non-dysplastic Barrett's Oesophagus
2.4.5 Management of dysplastic BO
2.4.6 Nursing care
2.4.7 Outcomes
2.5 Tumours of the Oesophagus
2.5.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
2.5.2 Presentation
2.5.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.5.4 Management
2.5.5 Outcomes
2.5.6 Nursing Care
2.6 Oesophageal webs and rings
2.6.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.6.2 Presentation
2.6.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.6.4 Management
2.6.5 Outcomes
2.6.6 Nursing
2.7 Oesophageal dysmotility
2.7.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.7.2 Presentation
2.7.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.7.4 Management
2.7.5 Nursing
2.8 Achalasia
2.8.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.8.2 Presentation
2.8.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.8.4 Management
2.8.5 Outcomes
2.9 Oesophageal Diverticula /Pouch
2.9.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.9.2 Presentation
2.9.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.9.4 Management
2.9.5 Outcomes
2.9.6 Nursing
2.10 Eosinophilic oesophagitis
2.10.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.10.2 Presentation
2.10.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.10.4 Management
2.10.5 Outcomes
2.10.6 Nursing care
2.11 Oesophageal Varices
2.11.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.11.2 Presentation
2.11.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.11.4 Management
2.11.5 Outcomes
2.11.6 Nursing
2.12 Mallory Weiss tear
2.12.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.12.2 Presentation
2.12.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.12.4 Management
2.12.5 Outcomes
2.12.6 Nursing
2.13 Reflective Questions
References
Chapter 3: Stomach
Regina Raymond, Marta Da Silva Teixeira
3.1 Gastritis
3.1.1 Classification and Pathogenesis
3.1.2 Clinical Presentation
3.1.3 Diagnostic Approaches
3.1.4 Management Strategies
3.1.5 Lifestyle and Patient Education
3.1.6 Outcomes and the Nurse's Role in Long-Term Care
3.2 Gastric ulcers
3.2.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
3.2.2 Presentation
3.2.3 Diagnosis and Investigations
3.2.4 Management (NICE, 2019)
3.3 Helicobacter Pylori
3.3.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
3.3.2 Presentation
3.3.3 Diagnosis
3.3.4 Management
3.3.5 Outcomes
3.4 Gastroparesis
3.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
3.4.2 Presentation
3.4.3 Diagnosis
3.4.4 Management
3.5 Vascular condition of the stomach
3.5.1 Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
3.5.2 Presentation
3.5.3 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches
3.5.4 Outcomes
3.6 Gastric cancers
3.6.1 Gastric adenocarcinoma
3.6.2 Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
3.6.3 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)
3.6.4 Gastric leiomyoma
3.6.5 Linitis Plastica
3.7 Reflective questions.
References
Chapter 4: Small Bowel
Isobel Mason, Jennie Burch
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Small bowel bleeding
4.3 Small bowel tumours
4.4 Managing iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)
4.5 Small bowel Crohn's disease
4.6 Ileostomy
4.7 Small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
4.8 Acute Diarrhoea
4.9 Giardiasis
4.10 Lactose intolerance
4.11 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
4.12 Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO)
4.13 Case studies and reflective questions
References
Chapter 5: Pancreas and Neuroendocrine Tumours
Stacey Munnelly, Alex Hadall, Scott Oakes, Lynne McCallum, Nikie Jervis
5.1 Pancreatitis
5.1.1 Acute pancreatitis
5.1.2 Chronic pancreatitis
5.2 Pancreatic cysts
5.2.1 What are pancreatic cysts?
5.2.2 Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN)
5.2.3 Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN)
5.2.4 Serous Cystadenoma (SCA)
5.2.5 Non-neoplastic cysts
5.3 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
5.3.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
5.3.2 Presentation
5.3.3 Staging
5.3.4 Management of PDAC
5.3.5 Clinical trials
5.3.6 Symptom support
5.3.7 The Multidisciplinary Team (MDT)
5.4 Pancreatic Neuro-Endocrine neoplasms
5.4.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
5.4.2 Screening
5.4.3 Clinical Presentation
5.4.4 Diagnosis and Investigation
5.4.5 Functional Imaging
5.4.6 Grading of NETs and NECs
5.4.7 Staging of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.4.8 Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.4.9 Active treatment options
5.4.10 Nutrition in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs)
5.4.11 Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.5 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 6: Liver and Biliary system
Sarah Hogg, Nicola Holmes-Long, Kate Jack, Kathryn Houghton,
6.1 The liver
6.1.1 Liver damage
6.1.2 Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH)
6.1.3 Viral Hepatitis
6.1.4 Liver failure
6.1.5 Cirrhosis
6.1.6 Jaundice
6.1.7 Portal hypertension
6.1.8 Oesophageal Varices
6.1.9 Alcohol related liver disease
6.1.10 Ascites
6.1.11 Hepatic encephalopathy
6.1.12 Hepatocellular carcinoma
6.1.13 Liver transplant
6.2 Genetic disorders of the Liver
6.2.1 Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
6.2.2 Haemochromatosis
6.2.3 Wilson Disease
6.3 Autoimmune liver disorders
6.3.1 Autoimmune Hepatitis
6.3.2 Primary biliary cholangitis
6.3.3 Primary sclerosing cholangitis
6.3.4 Other Auto immune associated liver conditions
6.4 Biliary System
6.4.1 Gallstones and Cholecystitis
6.4.2 Acute cholangitis
6.4.3 Gallbladder polyps
6.4.4 Biliary Tract Cancer
6.4.5 Gall bladder cancer
6.4.6 Cholangiacarcinoma
6.4.7 Periampullary cancer
6.5 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 7: Colon, rectum and anus
Jennie Burch
7.1 Polyps
7.1.1 Aetiology
7.1.2 Presentation
7.1.3 Diagnosis
7.1.4 Management
7.1.5 Learning points
7.2 Colorectal cancer
7.2.1 Aetiology
7.2.2 Bowel cancer screening
7.3 Primary colorectal lymphoma
7.3.1 Aetiology
7.3.2 Pathogenesis
7.3.3 Presentation
7.3.4 Diagnosis
7.3.5 Management
7.3.6 Support groups
7.4 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST)
7.4.1 Pathogenesis
7.4.2 Presentation
7.4.3 Management
7.4.4 Outcomes
7.4.5 Learning points
7.5 Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs)
7.5.1 Presentation
7.5.2 Management
7.5.3 Outcomes
7.5.4 Learning points
7.6 Lynch Syndrome
7.6.1 Aetiology
7.6.2 Pathogenesis
7.6.3 Management
7.7 Familial adenomatous polyposis
7.7.1 Aetiology
7.7.2 Presentation
7.7.3 Diagnosis
7.7.4 Management
7.8 Anal cancer
7.8.1 Aetiology
7.8.2 Pathogenesis
7.8.3 Presentation
7.8.4 Diagnosis
7.8.5 Management
7.8.6 Outcomes
7.9 Diverticular disease
7.9.1 Aetiology
7.9.2 Presentation
7.9.3 Diagnosis
7.9.4 Management
7.10 Appendicitis
7.10.1 Diagnosis
7.10.2 Presentation
7.10.3 Management
7.11 Haemorrhoids
7.11.1 Aetiology
7.11.2 Presentation
7.11.3 Diagnosis
7.11.4 Management
7.12 Anal fissure
7.12.1 Aetiology
7.12.2 Presentation
7.12.3 Diagnosis
7.12.4 Management
7.13 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
7.13.1 Aetiology
7.13.2 Presentation
7.13.3 Diagnosis
7.13.4 Management
7.14 Pilonidal abscess
7.15 Perianal abscess
7.15.1 Aetiology
7.15.2 Management
7.16 Anal Fistula
7.16.1 Aetiology
7.16.2 Pathogenesis
7.16.3 Presentation
7.16.4 Diagnosis
7.16.5 Management
7.16.6 Outcomes
7.16.7 Learning points
7.17 Constipation
7.17.1 Aetiology
7.17.2 Diagnosis
7.17.3 Management
7.18 Diarrhoea
7.18.1 Aetiology
7.18.2 Pathogenesis
7.18.3 Presentation
7.18.4 Diagnosis
7.18.5 Management
7.18.6 Learning points
7.19 Anal incontinence
7.19.1 Aetiology
7.19.2 Diagnosis
7.19.3 Management
7.20 Lower anterior resection syndrome (LARS)
7.20.1 Aetiology
7.20.2 Presentation
7.20.3 Diagnosis
7.20.4 Management
7.20.5 Outcomes
7.21 Haematochezia
7.21.1 Aetiology
7.21.2 Pathogenesis
7.21.3 Diagnosis
7.21.4 Management
7.22 Melaena
7.23 Colostomy
7.23.1 Aetiology
7.23.2 Management
7.24 Reflective questions
7.24.1 Case study and reflective questions
7.24.2 Case study and reflective questions
References
Chapter 8: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Stephanie Bourne, Shellie Radford
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Ulcerative Colitis
8.1.2 Crohn's Disease
8.1.3 Incidence and Prevalence
8.2 Extra intestinal manifestations
8.3 Classification of disease
8.3.1 UC
8.3.2 CD
8.4 Treatments
8.4.1 Medical
8.4.2 Surgical
8.5 Psychological impact and quality of life
8.6 The IBD MDT
8.7 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 9: Nursing in the Endoscopy setting
Lindsey Scarisbrick, Leigh Donnelley
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Endoscopy service
9.3 Governance
9.4 Joint Advisory Group for GI Endoscopy (JAG)
9.5 Endoscopy workforce
9.5.1 Pre-assessment
9.5.2 Admission
9.5.3 Intra-procedure
9.5.4 Recovery and discharge
9.6 Training
9.7 Unit leadership team
9.8 Innovation of roles
9.8.1 Practice educator - Endoscopy specific
9.8.2 Inpatient liaison
9.9 Sustainable Endoscopy Services
9.9.1 Climate change and the NHS
9.9.2 Triple Bottom Line
9.9.3 Nursing impact on sustainable practices
9.9.4 Greener Endoscopy
9.10 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 10: Nutrition in Gastrointestinal Disease
Annelie Shaw
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Importance of nutrition in GI disease
10.3 The GI Tract: A Nutritional and Immunological Organ
10.4 Clinical Consequences of Nutritional Deficits
10.5 Nutrition in Specific GI Conditions
10.5.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
10.5.2 Coeliac Disease
10.5.3 Pancreatitis
10.5.4 Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) and Malabsorptive Disorders
10.5.5 Gastrointestinal Cancers
10.5.6 Chronic Liver Disease
10.5.7 Functional GI Disorders and Dysmotility
10.6 Malnutrition in Gastrointestinal Disease
10.6.1 Definition and Types of Malnutrition
10.6.2 Causes of Malnutrition in GI Disease
10.6.3 Identification and Screening
10.6.4 The Role of Nurses in Early Identification and Intervention
10.6.5 Clinical Consequences of Malnutrition
10.7 Oral Nutritional Support
10.7.1 An introduction to Oral Nutritional Support
10.7.2 Roles and responsibilities in Oral Nutrition Support
10.7.3 Supporting Food-First Strategies and Monitoring Intake
10.7.4 Supporting Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS)
10.7.5 Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Continuity of Care
10.7.6 Addressing Workforce Challenges
10.8 Oral Nutritional Support Strategies
10.8.1 Dietary Counselling
10.8.2 Food Fortification
10.8.3 Snack-Based Approaches
10.8.4 Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS)
10.8.5 Types of Oral Nutritional Supplements by Composition
10.9 Individualisation and Monitoring
10.10 Enteral Nutrition
10.10.1 Introduction to and indications for enteral feeding
10.11 Benefits of Enteral Nutrition Compared to Parenteral Nutrition
10.11.1 Maintains Gut Integrity and Function
10.11.2 Reduces Infectious Complications
10.11.3 Improved Glycaemic Control
10.11.4 Immunological Benefits
10.11.5 Cost-Effectiveness
10.11.6 Fewer Metabolic Complications
10.12 Enteral Feed Delivery
10.12.1 Bolus Feeding
10.12.2 Continuous Feeding
10.12.3 Types of formulae
10.13 Parenteral Nutrition
10.13.1 Indications for Parenteral Nutrition
10.13.2 Routes of Administration
10.13.3 Monitoring and Nursing Responsibilities
10.14 Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN)
10.15 Types of Feeding Tubes
10.15.1 Nasogastric (NG) Tubes
10.15.2 Nasojejunal (NJ) Tubes
10.15.3 Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG)
10.15.4 Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy (RIG)
10.15.5 Jejunostomies and Gastrojejunostomies (GJ)
10.16 The Nursing Role in Nutritional Care
10.17 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Psycho-Social Impact of Gastrointestinal Disease
Wladyslawa Czuber-Dochan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pain
11.2.1 Aetiology of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.2 Signs and Symptoms of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.3 Assessing Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.4 Management of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.5 Impact of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3 Fatigue
11.3.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.2 Signs and Symptoms of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.3 Assessing Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.4 Management of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.5 Impact of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.4 Urgency and faecal incontinence
11.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
11.4.2 Signs and Symptoms
11.4.3 Assessment
11.4.4 Management of Urgency and Faecal Incontinence in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.4.5 Psychosocial Impact
11.5 Anxiety, depression and distress
11.5.1 Signs and symptoms
11.5.2 Assessment of anxiety, depression and distress in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.5.3 Approaches to management of anxiety, depression and distress in GI conditions
11.5.4 Integrated and Multidisciplinary Care
11.5.5 Patient Education and Self-Management
11.5.6 Impact of anxiety, depression and distress in GI conditions
11.6 Body image
11.6.1 Biological Dimensions
11.6.2 Psychological Dimensions
11.6.3 Social Dimensions
11.6.4 Towards Holistic Gastrointestinal Care
11.6.5 Assessment of Body Image in GI Conditions
11.7 Relationship, intimacy, sexuality and Family planning
11.7.1 Impact on relationships and intimacy
11.7.2 Sexual dysfunction and psychosocial contributors
11.7.3 Family planning considerations
11.7.4 Assessment of intimacy and sexuality in gastrointestinal conditions
11.7.5 Barriers to assessment
11.7.6 Interventions to support sexuality and intimacy
11.8 Work and education
11.9 The role of Nurses in the care of individuals with Gastrointestinal conditions
11.9.1 Clinical and Multidisciplinary Role
11.9.2 GI Oncology and Procedural Care
11.9.3 Psychosocial Support
11.9.4 Education and Patient Empowerment
11.9.5 Leadership, Research, and Service Development
11.9.6 Conclusion
11.10 Reflective questions
References
Dedication
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1: Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
Conor Hamilton
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of the Digestive system
1.3 Basic Cell Structure of the GI tract
1.3.1 Mucosa
1.3.2 Epithelium
1.3.3 Submucosa
1.3.4 Muscularis Externa
1.3.5 Serosa and Adventitia
1.4 Mouth and pharynx.
1.4.1 The lips.
1.4.2 The cheeks.
1.4.3 The palate.
1.4.4 The teeth.
1.4.5 Salivary Glands.
1.4.6 The tongue.
1.4.7 Pharynx
1.5 The Oesophagus
1.5.1 Blood supply of the oesophagus
1.5.2 Innervation of the oesophagus
1.5.3 Lymph drainage of the oesophagus
1.6 The stomach
1.6.1 Innervation of the stomach.
1.6.2 Blood supply to the stomach.
1.7 The Pancreas
1.7.1 Physiology of the Pancreas
1.7.2 Pancreatic blood supply
1.7.3 Pancreatic innervation
1.7.4 Pancreatic lymphatic drainage.
1.8 The Liver
1.8.1 Vascular Supply
1.8.2 Metabolism of Nutrients
1.8.3 Bile Production and Digestion
1.8.4 Immune Function
1.9 The Gallbladder
1.9.1 Gall bladder blood supply.
1.9.2 Gall bladder innervation.
1.9.3 Gallbladder lymph drainage.
1.10 The Small intestine
1.10.1 Duodenum
1.10.2 Jejunum
1.10.3 Ileum
1.10.4 Blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
1.10.5 Small intestine innervation
1.11 The Large intestine
1.11.1 Large intestinal blood supply
1.11.2 Innervation of the large intestine.
1.12 Reflective questions
Bibliography
Chapter 2: The Oesophagus
Paula Brayford
2.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD/GORD)
2.1.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.1.2 Presentation (Signs & Symptoms)
2.1.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.1.4 Management
2.1.5 Outcomes
2.1.6 Nursing care
2.2 Hiatus Hernia
2.2.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.2.2 Presentation
2.2.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.2.4 Management
2.2.5 Outcomes
2.2.6 Nursing
2.3 Oesophagitis and Oesophageal ulcers
2.3.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
2.3.2 Presentation
2.3.3 Diagnosis and Investigation
2.3.4 Management
2.3.5 Outcomes
2.3.6 Nursing care
2.4 Barrett's oesophagus
2.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.4.2 Presentation (Signs and Symptoms)
2.4.3 Diagnosis and Investigations
2.4.4 Management of non-dysplastic Barrett's Oesophagus
2.4.5 Management of dysplastic BO
2.4.6 Nursing care
2.4.7 Outcomes
2.5 Tumours of the Oesophagus
2.5.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
2.5.2 Presentation
2.5.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.5.4 Management
2.5.5 Outcomes
2.5.6 Nursing Care
2.6 Oesophageal webs and rings
2.6.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.6.2 Presentation
2.6.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.6.4 Management
2.6.5 Outcomes
2.6.6 Nursing
2.7 Oesophageal dysmotility
2.7.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.7.2 Presentation
2.7.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.7.4 Management
2.7.5 Nursing
2.8 Achalasia
2.8.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.8.2 Presentation
2.8.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.8.4 Management
2.8.5 Outcomes
2.9 Oesophageal Diverticula /Pouch
2.9.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.9.2 Presentation
2.9.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.9.4 Management
2.9.5 Outcomes
2.9.6 Nursing
2.10 Eosinophilic oesophagitis
2.10.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.10.2 Presentation
2.10.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.10.4 Management
2.10.5 Outcomes
2.10.6 Nursing care
2.11 Oesophageal Varices
2.11.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.11.2 Presentation
2.11.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.11.4 Management
2.11.5 Outcomes
2.11.6 Nursing
2.12 Mallory Weiss tear
2.12.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.12.2 Presentation
2.12.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.12.4 Management
2.12.5 Outcomes
2.12.6 Nursing
2.13 Reflective Questions
References
Chapter 3: Stomach
Regina Raymond, Marta Da Silva Teixeira
3.1 Gastritis
3.1.1 Classification and Pathogenesis
3.1.2 Clinical Presentation
3.1.3 Diagnostic Approaches
3.1.4 Management Strategies
3.1.5 Lifestyle and Patient Education
3.1.6 Outcomes and the Nurse's Role in Long-Term Care
3.2 Gastric ulcers
3.2.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
3.2.2 Presentation
3.2.3 Diagnosis and Investigations
3.2.4 Management (NICE, 2019)
3.3 Helicobacter Pylori
3.3.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
3.3.2 Presentation
3.3.3 Diagnosis
3.3.4 Management
3.3.5 Outcomes
3.4 Gastroparesis
3.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
3.4.2 Presentation
3.4.3 Diagnosis
3.4.4 Management
3.5 Vascular condition of the stomach
3.5.1 Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
3.5.2 Presentation
3.5.3 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches
3.5.4 Outcomes
3.6 Gastric cancers
3.6.1 Gastric adenocarcinoma
3.6.2 Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
3.6.3 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)
3.6.4 Gastric leiomyoma
3.6.5 Linitis Plastica
3.7 Reflective questions.
References
Chapter 4: Small Bowel
Isobel Mason, Jennie Burch
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Small bowel bleeding
4.3 Small bowel tumours
4.4 Managing iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)
4.5 Small bowel Crohn's disease
4.6 Ileostomy
4.7 Small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
4.8 Acute Diarrhoea
4.9 Giardiasis
4.10 Lactose intolerance
4.11 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
4.12 Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO)
4.13 Case studies and reflective questions
References
Chapter 5: Pancreas and Neuroendocrine Tumours
Stacey Munnelly, Alex Hadall, Scott Oakes, Lynne McCallum, Nikie Jervis
5.1 Pancreatitis
5.1.1 Acute pancreatitis
5.1.2 Chronic pancreatitis
5.2 Pancreatic cysts
5.2.1 What are pancreatic cysts?
5.2.2 Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN)
5.2.3 Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN)
5.2.4 Serous Cystadenoma (SCA)
5.2.5 Non-neoplastic cysts
5.3 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
5.3.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
5.3.2 Presentation
5.3.3 Staging
5.3.4 Management of PDAC
5.3.5 Clinical trials
5.3.6 Symptom support
5.3.7 The Multidisciplinary Team (MDT)
5.4 Pancreatic Neuro-Endocrine neoplasms
5.4.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
5.4.2 Screening
5.4.3 Clinical Presentation
5.4.4 Diagnosis and Investigation
5.4.5 Functional Imaging
5.4.6 Grading of NETs and NECs
5.4.7 Staging of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.4.8 Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.4.9 Active treatment options
5.4.10 Nutrition in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs)
5.4.11 Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.5 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 6: Liver and Biliary system
Sarah Hogg, Nicola Holmes-Long, Kate Jack, Kathryn Houghton,
6.1 The liver
6.1.1 Liver damage
6.1.2 Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH)
6.1.3 Viral Hepatitis
6.1.4 Liver failure
6.1.5 Cirrhosis
6.1.6 Jaundice
6.1.7 Portal hypertension
6.1.8 Oesophageal Varices
6.1.9 Alcohol related liver disease
6.1.10 Ascites
6.1.11 Hepatic encephalopathy
6.1.12 Hepatocellular carcinoma
6.1.13 Liver transplant
6.2 Genetic disorders of the Liver
6.2.1 Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
6.2.2 Haemochromatosis
6.2.3 Wilson Disease
6.3 Autoimmune liver disorders
6.3.1 Autoimmune Hepatitis
6.3.2 Primary biliary cholangitis
6.3.3 Primary sclerosing cholangitis
6.3.4 Other Auto immune associated liver conditions
6.4 Biliary System
6.4.1 Gallstones and Cholecystitis
6.4.2 Acute cholangitis
6.4.3 Gallbladder polyps
6.4.4 Biliary Tract Cancer
6.4.5 Gall bladder cancer
6.4.6 Cholangiacarcinoma
6.4.7 Periampullary cancer
6.5 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 7: Colon, rectum and anus
Jennie Burch
7.1 Polyps
7.1.1 Aetiology
7.1.2 Presentation
7.1.3 Diagnosis
7.1.4 Management
7.1.5 Learning points
7.2 Colorectal cancer
7.2.1 Aetiology
7.2.2 Bowel cancer screening
7.3 Primary colorectal lymphoma
7.3.1 Aetiology
7.3.2 Pathogenesis
7.3.3 Presentation
7.3.4 Diagnosis
7.3.5 Management
7.3.6 Support groups
7.4 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST)
7.4.1 Pathogenesis
7.4.2 Presentation
7.4.3 Management
7.4.4 Outcomes
7.4.5 Learning points
7.5 Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs)
7.5.1 Presentation
7.5.2 Management
7.5.3 Outcomes
7.5.4 Learning points
7.6 Lynch Syndrome
7.6.1 Aetiology
7.6.2 Pathogenesis
7.6.3 Management
7.7 Familial adenomatous polyposis
7.7.1 Aetiology
7.7.2 Presentation
7.7.3 Diagnosis
7.7.4 Management
7.8 Anal cancer
7.8.1 Aetiology
7.8.2 Pathogenesis
7.8.3 Presentation
7.8.4 Diagnosis
7.8.5 Management
7.8.6 Outcomes
7.9 Diverticular disease
7.9.1 Aetiology
7.9.2 Presentation
7.9.3 Diagnosis
7.9.4 Management
7.10 Appendicitis
7.10.1 Diagnosis
7.10.2 Presentation
7.10.3 Management
7.11 Haemorrhoids
7.11.1 Aetiology
7.11.2 Presentation
7.11.3 Diagnosis
7.11.4 Management
7.12 Anal fissure
7.12.1 Aetiology
7.12.2 Presentation
7.12.3 Diagnosis
7.12.4 Management
7.13 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
7.13.1 Aetiology
7.13.2 Presentation
7.13.3 Diagnosis
7.13.4 Management
7.14 Pilonidal abscess
7.15 Perianal abscess
7.15.1 Aetiology
7.15.2 Management
7.16 Anal Fistula
7.16.1 Aetiology
7.16.2 Pathogenesis
7.16.3 Presentation
7.16.4 Diagnosis
7.16.5 Management
7.16.6 Outcomes
7.16.7 Learning points
7.17 Constipation
7.17.1 Aetiology
7.17.2 Diagnosis
7.17.3 Management
7.18 Diarrhoea
7.18.1 Aetiology
7.18.2 Pathogenesis
7.18.3 Presentation
7.18.4 Diagnosis
7.18.5 Management
7.18.6 Learning points
7.19 Anal incontinence
7.19.1 Aetiology
7.19.2 Diagnosis
7.19.3 Management
7.20 Lower anterior resection syndrome (LARS)
7.20.1 Aetiology
7.20.2 Presentation
7.20.3 Diagnosis
7.20.4 Management
7.20.5 Outcomes
7.21 Haematochezia
7.21.1 Aetiology
7.21.2 Pathogenesis
7.21.3 Diagnosis
7.21.4 Management
7.22 Melaena
7.23 Colostomy
7.23.1 Aetiology
7.23.2 Management
7.24 Reflective questions
7.24.1 Case study and reflective questions
7.24.2 Case study and reflective questions
References
Chapter 8: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Stephanie Bourne, Shellie Radford
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Ulcerative Colitis
8.1.2 Crohn's Disease
8.1.3 Incidence and Prevalence
8.2 Extra intestinal manifestations
8.3 Classification of disease
8.3.1 UC
8.3.2 CD
8.4 Treatments
8.4.1 Medical
8.4.2 Surgical
8.5 Psychological impact and quality of life
8.6 The IBD MDT
8.7 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 9: Nursing in the Endoscopy setting
Lindsey Scarisbrick, Leigh Donnelley
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Endoscopy service
9.3 Governance
9.4 Joint Advisory Group for GI Endoscopy (JAG)
9.5 Endoscopy workforce
9.5.1 Pre-assessment
9.5.2 Admission
9.5.3 Intra-procedure
9.5.4 Recovery and discharge
9.6 Training
9.7 Unit leadership team
9.8 Innovation of roles
9.8.1 Practice educator - Endoscopy specific
9.8.2 Inpatient liaison
9.9 Sustainable Endoscopy Services
9.9.1 Climate change and the NHS
9.9.2 Triple Bottom Line
9.9.3 Nursing impact on sustainable practices
9.9.4 Greener Endoscopy
9.10 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 10: Nutrition in Gastrointestinal Disease
Annelie Shaw
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Importance of nutrition in GI disease
10.3 The GI Tract: A Nutritional and Immunological Organ
10.4 Clinical Consequences of Nutritional Deficits
10.5 Nutrition in Specific GI Conditions
10.5.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
10.5.2 Coeliac Disease
10.5.3 Pancreatitis
10.5.4 Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) and Malabsorptive Disorders
10.5.5 Gastrointestinal Cancers
10.5.6 Chronic Liver Disease
10.5.7 Functional GI Disorders and Dysmotility
10.6 Malnutrition in Gastrointestinal Disease
10.6.1 Definition and Types of Malnutrition
10.6.2 Causes of Malnutrition in GI Disease
10.6.3 Identification and Screening
10.6.4 The Role of Nurses in Early Identification and Intervention
10.6.5 Clinical Consequences of Malnutrition
10.7 Oral Nutritional Support
10.7.1 An introduction to Oral Nutritional Support
10.7.2 Roles and responsibilities in Oral Nutrition Support
10.7.3 Supporting Food-First Strategies and Monitoring Intake
10.7.4 Supporting Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS)
10.7.5 Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Continuity of Care
10.7.6 Addressing Workforce Challenges
10.8 Oral Nutritional Support Strategies
10.8.1 Dietary Counselling
10.8.2 Food Fortification
10.8.3 Snack-Based Approaches
10.8.4 Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS)
10.8.5 Types of Oral Nutritional Supplements by Composition
10.9 Individualisation and Monitoring
10.10 Enteral Nutrition
10.10.1 Introduction to and indications for enteral feeding
10.11 Benefits of Enteral Nutrition Compared to Parenteral Nutrition
10.11.1 Maintains Gut Integrity and Function
10.11.2 Reduces Infectious Complications
10.11.3 Improved Glycaemic Control
10.11.4 Immunological Benefits
10.11.5 Cost-Effectiveness
10.11.6 Fewer Metabolic Complications
10.12 Enteral Feed Delivery
10.12.1 Bolus Feeding
10.12.2 Continuous Feeding
10.12.3 Types of formulae
10.13 Parenteral Nutrition
10.13.1 Indications for Parenteral Nutrition
10.13.2 Routes of Administration
10.13.3 Monitoring and Nursing Responsibilities
10.14 Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN)
10.15 Types of Feeding Tubes
10.15.1 Nasogastric (NG) Tubes
10.15.2 Nasojejunal (NJ) Tubes
10.15.3 Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG)
10.15.4 Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy (RIG)
10.15.5 Jejunostomies and Gastrojejunostomies (GJ)
10.16 The Nursing Role in Nutritional Care
10.17 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Psycho-Social Impact of Gastrointestinal Disease
Wladyslawa Czuber-Dochan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pain
11.2.1 Aetiology of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.2 Signs and Symptoms of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.3 Assessing Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.4 Management of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.5 Impact of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3 Fatigue
11.3.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.2 Signs and Symptoms of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.3 Assessing Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.4 Management of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.5 Impact of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.4 Urgency and faecal incontinence
11.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
11.4.2 Signs and Symptoms
11.4.3 Assessment
11.4.4 Management of Urgency and Faecal Incontinence in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.4.5 Psychosocial Impact
11.5 Anxiety, depression and distress
11.5.1 Signs and symptoms
11.5.2 Assessment of anxiety, depression and distress in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.5.3 Approaches to management of anxiety, depression and distress in GI conditions
11.5.4 Integrated and Multidisciplinary Care
11.5.5 Patient Education and Self-Management
11.5.6 Impact of anxiety, depression and distress in GI conditions
11.6 Body image
11.6.1 Biological Dimensions
11.6.2 Psychological Dimensions
11.6.3 Social Dimensions
11.6.4 Towards Holistic Gastrointestinal Care
11.6.5 Assessment of Body Image in GI Conditions
11.7 Relationship, intimacy, sexuality and Family planning
11.7.1 Impact on relationships and intimacy
11.7.2 Sexual dysfunction and psychosocial contributors
11.7.3 Family planning considerations
11.7.4 Assessment of intimacy and sexuality in gastrointestinal conditions
11.7.5 Barriers to assessment
11.7.6 Interventions to support sexuality and intimacy
11.8 Work and education
11.9 The role of Nurses in the care of individuals with Gastrointestinal conditions
11.9.1 Clinical and Multidisciplinary Role
11.9.2 GI Oncology and Procedural Care
11.9.3 Psychosocial Support
11.9.4 Education and Patient Empowerment
11.9.5 Leadership, Research, and Service Development
11.9.6 Conclusion
11.10 Reflective questions
References
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gastrointestinal aetiology; gastrointestinal pathogenesis; gastrointestinal presentation; gastrointestinal diagnosis; gastrointestinal investigations; gastrointestinal management; gastrointestinal surgery; gastrointestinal pharma; digestive system; gastrointestinal nurse; gastroenterology
Table of Contents
Dedication
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1: Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
Conor Hamilton
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of the Digestive system
1.3 Basic Cell Structure of the GI tract
1.3.1 Mucosa
1.3.2 Epithelium
1.3.3 Submucosa
1.3.4 Muscularis Externa
1.3.5 Serosa and Adventitia
1.4 Mouth and pharynx.
1.4.1 The lips.
1.4.2 The cheeks.
1.4.3 The palate.
1.4.4 The teeth.
1.4.5 Salivary Glands.
1.4.6 The tongue.
1.4.7 Pharynx
1.5 The Oesophagus
1.5.1 Blood supply of the oesophagus
1.5.2 Innervation of the oesophagus
1.5.3 Lymph drainage of the oesophagus
1.6 The stomach
1.6.1 Innervation of the stomach.
1.6.2 Blood supply to the stomach.
1.7 The Pancreas
1.7.1 Physiology of the Pancreas
1.7.2 Pancreatic blood supply
1.7.3 Pancreatic innervation
1.7.4 Pancreatic lymphatic drainage.
1.8 The Liver
1.8.1 Vascular Supply
1.8.2 Metabolism of Nutrients
1.8.3 Bile Production and Digestion
1.8.4 Immune Function
1.9 The Gallbladder
1.9.1 Gall bladder blood supply.
1.9.2 Gall bladder innervation.
1.9.3 Gallbladder lymph drainage.
1.10 The Small intestine
1.10.1 Duodenum
1.10.2 Jejunum
1.10.3 Ileum
1.10.4 Blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
1.10.5 Small intestine innervation
1.11 The Large intestine
1.11.1 Large intestinal blood supply
1.11.2 Innervation of the large intestine.
1.12 Reflective questions
Bibliography
Chapter 2: The Oesophagus
Paula Brayford
2.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD/GORD)
2.1.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.1.2 Presentation (Signs & Symptoms)
2.1.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.1.4 Management
2.1.5 Outcomes
2.1.6 Nursing care
2.2 Hiatus Hernia
2.2.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.2.2 Presentation
2.2.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.2.4 Management
2.2.5 Outcomes
2.2.6 Nursing
2.3 Oesophagitis and Oesophageal ulcers
2.3.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
2.3.2 Presentation
2.3.3 Diagnosis and Investigation
2.3.4 Management
2.3.5 Outcomes
2.3.6 Nursing care
2.4 Barrett's oesophagus
2.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.4.2 Presentation (Signs and Symptoms)
2.4.3 Diagnosis and Investigations
2.4.4 Management of non-dysplastic Barrett's Oesophagus
2.4.5 Management of dysplastic BO
2.4.6 Nursing care
2.4.7 Outcomes
2.5 Tumours of the Oesophagus
2.5.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
2.5.2 Presentation
2.5.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.5.4 Management
2.5.5 Outcomes
2.5.6 Nursing Care
2.6 Oesophageal webs and rings
2.6.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.6.2 Presentation
2.6.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.6.4 Management
2.6.5 Outcomes
2.6.6 Nursing
2.7 Oesophageal dysmotility
2.7.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.7.2 Presentation
2.7.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.7.4 Management
2.7.5 Nursing
2.8 Achalasia
2.8.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.8.2 Presentation
2.8.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.8.4 Management
2.8.5 Outcomes
2.9 Oesophageal Diverticula /Pouch
2.9.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.9.2 Presentation
2.9.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.9.4 Management
2.9.5 Outcomes
2.9.6 Nursing
2.10 Eosinophilic oesophagitis
2.10.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.10.2 Presentation
2.10.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.10.4 Management
2.10.5 Outcomes
2.10.6 Nursing care
2.11 Oesophageal Varices
2.11.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.11.2 Presentation
2.11.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.11.4 Management
2.11.5 Outcomes
2.11.6 Nursing
2.12 Mallory Weiss tear
2.12.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.12.2 Presentation
2.12.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.12.4 Management
2.12.5 Outcomes
2.12.6 Nursing
2.13 Reflective Questions
References
Chapter 3: Stomach
Regina Raymond, Marta Da Silva Teixeira
3.1 Gastritis
3.1.1 Classification and Pathogenesis
3.1.2 Clinical Presentation
3.1.3 Diagnostic Approaches
3.1.4 Management Strategies
3.1.5 Lifestyle and Patient Education
3.1.6 Outcomes and the Nurse's Role in Long-Term Care
3.2 Gastric ulcers
3.2.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
3.2.2 Presentation
3.2.3 Diagnosis and Investigations
3.2.4 Management (NICE, 2019)
3.3 Helicobacter Pylori
3.3.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
3.3.2 Presentation
3.3.3 Diagnosis
3.3.4 Management
3.3.5 Outcomes
3.4 Gastroparesis
3.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
3.4.2 Presentation
3.4.3 Diagnosis
3.4.4 Management
3.5 Vascular condition of the stomach
3.5.1 Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
3.5.2 Presentation
3.5.3 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches
3.5.4 Outcomes
3.6 Gastric cancers
3.6.1 Gastric adenocarcinoma
3.6.2 Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
3.6.3 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)
3.6.4 Gastric leiomyoma
3.6.5 Linitis Plastica
3.7 Reflective questions.
References
Chapter 4: Small Bowel
Isobel Mason, Jennie Burch
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Small bowel bleeding
4.3 Small bowel tumours
4.4 Managing iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)
4.5 Small bowel Crohn's disease
4.6 Ileostomy
4.7 Small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
4.8 Acute Diarrhoea
4.9 Giardiasis
4.10 Lactose intolerance
4.11 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
4.12 Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO)
4.13 Case studies and reflective questions
References
Chapter 5: Pancreas and Neuroendocrine Tumours
Stacey Munnelly, Alex Hadall, Scott Oakes, Lynne McCallum, Nikie Jervis
5.1 Pancreatitis
5.1.1 Acute pancreatitis
5.1.2 Chronic pancreatitis
5.2 Pancreatic cysts
5.2.1 What are pancreatic cysts?
5.2.2 Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN)
5.2.3 Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN)
5.2.4 Serous Cystadenoma (SCA)
5.2.5 Non-neoplastic cysts
5.3 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
5.3.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
5.3.2 Presentation
5.3.3 Staging
5.3.4 Management of PDAC
5.3.5 Clinical trials
5.3.6 Symptom support
5.3.7 The Multidisciplinary Team (MDT)
5.4 Pancreatic Neuro-Endocrine neoplasms
5.4.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
5.4.2 Screening
5.4.3 Clinical Presentation
5.4.4 Diagnosis and Investigation
5.4.5 Functional Imaging
5.4.6 Grading of NETs and NECs
5.4.7 Staging of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.4.8 Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.4.9 Active treatment options
5.4.10 Nutrition in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs)
5.4.11 Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.5 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 6: Liver and Biliary system
Sarah Hogg, Nicola Holmes-Long, Kate Jack, Kathryn Houghton,
6.1 The liver
6.1.1 Liver damage
6.1.2 Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH)
6.1.3 Viral Hepatitis
6.1.4 Liver failure
6.1.5 Cirrhosis
6.1.6 Jaundice
6.1.7 Portal hypertension
6.1.8 Oesophageal Varices
6.1.9 Alcohol related liver disease
6.1.10 Ascites
6.1.11 Hepatic encephalopathy
6.1.12 Hepatocellular carcinoma
6.1.13 Liver transplant
6.2 Genetic disorders of the Liver
6.2.1 Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
6.2.2 Haemochromatosis
6.2.3 Wilson Disease
6.3 Autoimmune liver disorders
6.3.1 Autoimmune Hepatitis
6.3.2 Primary biliary cholangitis
6.3.3 Primary sclerosing cholangitis
6.3.4 Other Auto immune associated liver conditions
6.4 Biliary System
6.4.1 Gallstones and Cholecystitis
6.4.2 Acute cholangitis
6.4.3 Gallbladder polyps
6.4.4 Biliary Tract Cancer
6.4.5 Gall bladder cancer
6.4.6 Cholangiacarcinoma
6.4.7 Periampullary cancer
6.5 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 7: Colon, rectum and anus
Jennie Burch
7.1 Polyps
7.1.1 Aetiology
7.1.2 Presentation
7.1.3 Diagnosis
7.1.4 Management
7.1.5 Learning points
7.2 Colorectal cancer
7.2.1 Aetiology
7.2.2 Bowel cancer screening
7.3 Primary colorectal lymphoma
7.3.1 Aetiology
7.3.2 Pathogenesis
7.3.3 Presentation
7.3.4 Diagnosis
7.3.5 Management
7.3.6 Support groups
7.4 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST)
7.4.1 Pathogenesis
7.4.2 Presentation
7.4.3 Management
7.4.4 Outcomes
7.4.5 Learning points
7.5 Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs)
7.5.1 Presentation
7.5.2 Management
7.5.3 Outcomes
7.5.4 Learning points
7.6 Lynch Syndrome
7.6.1 Aetiology
7.6.2 Pathogenesis
7.6.3 Management
7.7 Familial adenomatous polyposis
7.7.1 Aetiology
7.7.2 Presentation
7.7.3 Diagnosis
7.7.4 Management
7.8 Anal cancer
7.8.1 Aetiology
7.8.2 Pathogenesis
7.8.3 Presentation
7.8.4 Diagnosis
7.8.5 Management
7.8.6 Outcomes
7.9 Diverticular disease
7.9.1 Aetiology
7.9.2 Presentation
7.9.3 Diagnosis
7.9.4 Management
7.10 Appendicitis
7.10.1 Diagnosis
7.10.2 Presentation
7.10.3 Management
7.11 Haemorrhoids
7.11.1 Aetiology
7.11.2 Presentation
7.11.3 Diagnosis
7.11.4 Management
7.12 Anal fissure
7.12.1 Aetiology
7.12.2 Presentation
7.12.3 Diagnosis
7.12.4 Management
7.13 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
7.13.1 Aetiology
7.13.2 Presentation
7.13.3 Diagnosis
7.13.4 Management
7.14 Pilonidal abscess
7.15 Perianal abscess
7.15.1 Aetiology
7.15.2 Management
7.16 Anal Fistula
7.16.1 Aetiology
7.16.2 Pathogenesis
7.16.3 Presentation
7.16.4 Diagnosis
7.16.5 Management
7.16.6 Outcomes
7.16.7 Learning points
7.17 Constipation
7.17.1 Aetiology
7.17.2 Diagnosis
7.17.3 Management
7.18 Diarrhoea
7.18.1 Aetiology
7.18.2 Pathogenesis
7.18.3 Presentation
7.18.4 Diagnosis
7.18.5 Management
7.18.6 Learning points
7.19 Anal incontinence
7.19.1 Aetiology
7.19.2 Diagnosis
7.19.3 Management
7.20 Lower anterior resection syndrome (LARS)
7.20.1 Aetiology
7.20.2 Presentation
7.20.3 Diagnosis
7.20.4 Management
7.20.5 Outcomes
7.21 Haematochezia
7.21.1 Aetiology
7.21.2 Pathogenesis
7.21.3 Diagnosis
7.21.4 Management
7.22 Melaena
7.23 Colostomy
7.23.1 Aetiology
7.23.2 Management
7.24 Reflective questions
7.24.1 Case study and reflective questions
7.24.2 Case study and reflective questions
References
Chapter 8: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Stephanie Bourne, Shellie Radford
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Ulcerative Colitis
8.1.2 Crohn's Disease
8.1.3 Incidence and Prevalence
8.2 Extra intestinal manifestations
8.3 Classification of disease
8.3.1 UC
8.3.2 CD
8.4 Treatments
8.4.1 Medical
8.4.2 Surgical
8.5 Psychological impact and quality of life
8.6 The IBD MDT
8.7 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 9: Nursing in the Endoscopy setting
Lindsey Scarisbrick, Leigh Donnelley
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Endoscopy service
9.3 Governance
9.4 Joint Advisory Group for GI Endoscopy (JAG)
9.5 Endoscopy workforce
9.5.1 Pre-assessment
9.5.2 Admission
9.5.3 Intra-procedure
9.5.4 Recovery and discharge
9.6 Training
9.7 Unit leadership team
9.8 Innovation of roles
9.8.1 Practice educator - Endoscopy specific
9.8.2 Inpatient liaison
9.9 Sustainable Endoscopy Services
9.9.1 Climate change and the NHS
9.9.2 Triple Bottom Line
9.9.3 Nursing impact on sustainable practices
9.9.4 Greener Endoscopy
9.10 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 10: Nutrition in Gastrointestinal Disease
Annelie Shaw
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Importance of nutrition in GI disease
10.3 The GI Tract: A Nutritional and Immunological Organ
10.4 Clinical Consequences of Nutritional Deficits
10.5 Nutrition in Specific GI Conditions
10.5.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
10.5.2 Coeliac Disease
10.5.3 Pancreatitis
10.5.4 Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) and Malabsorptive Disorders
10.5.5 Gastrointestinal Cancers
10.5.6 Chronic Liver Disease
10.5.7 Functional GI Disorders and Dysmotility
10.6 Malnutrition in Gastrointestinal Disease
10.6.1 Definition and Types of Malnutrition
10.6.2 Causes of Malnutrition in GI Disease
10.6.3 Identification and Screening
10.6.4 The Role of Nurses in Early Identification and Intervention
10.6.5 Clinical Consequences of Malnutrition
10.7 Oral Nutritional Support
10.7.1 An introduction to Oral Nutritional Support
10.7.2 Roles and responsibilities in Oral Nutrition Support
10.7.3 Supporting Food-First Strategies and Monitoring Intake
10.7.4 Supporting Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS)
10.7.5 Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Continuity of Care
10.7.6 Addressing Workforce Challenges
10.8 Oral Nutritional Support Strategies
10.8.1 Dietary Counselling
10.8.2 Food Fortification
10.8.3 Snack-Based Approaches
10.8.4 Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS)
10.8.5 Types of Oral Nutritional Supplements by Composition
10.9 Individualisation and Monitoring
10.10 Enteral Nutrition
10.10.1 Introduction to and indications for enteral feeding
10.11 Benefits of Enteral Nutrition Compared to Parenteral Nutrition
10.11.1 Maintains Gut Integrity and Function
10.11.2 Reduces Infectious Complications
10.11.3 Improved Glycaemic Control
10.11.4 Immunological Benefits
10.11.5 Cost-Effectiveness
10.11.6 Fewer Metabolic Complications
10.12 Enteral Feed Delivery
10.12.1 Bolus Feeding
10.12.2 Continuous Feeding
10.12.3 Types of formulae
10.13 Parenteral Nutrition
10.13.1 Indications for Parenteral Nutrition
10.13.2 Routes of Administration
10.13.3 Monitoring and Nursing Responsibilities
10.14 Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN)
10.15 Types of Feeding Tubes
10.15.1 Nasogastric (NG) Tubes
10.15.2 Nasojejunal (NJ) Tubes
10.15.3 Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG)
10.15.4 Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy (RIG)
10.15.5 Jejunostomies and Gastrojejunostomies (GJ)
10.16 The Nursing Role in Nutritional Care
10.17 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Psycho-Social Impact of Gastrointestinal Disease
Wladyslawa Czuber-Dochan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pain
11.2.1 Aetiology of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.2 Signs and Symptoms of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.3 Assessing Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.4 Management of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.5 Impact of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3 Fatigue
11.3.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.2 Signs and Symptoms of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.3 Assessing Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.4 Management of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.5 Impact of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.4 Urgency and faecal incontinence
11.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
11.4.2 Signs and Symptoms
11.4.3 Assessment
11.4.4 Management of Urgency and Faecal Incontinence in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.4.5 Psychosocial Impact
11.5 Anxiety, depression and distress
11.5.1 Signs and symptoms
11.5.2 Assessment of anxiety, depression and distress in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.5.3 Approaches to management of anxiety, depression and distress in GI conditions
11.5.4 Integrated and Multidisciplinary Care
11.5.5 Patient Education and Self-Management
11.5.6 Impact of anxiety, depression and distress in GI conditions
11.6 Body image
11.6.1 Biological Dimensions
11.6.2 Psychological Dimensions
11.6.3 Social Dimensions
11.6.4 Towards Holistic Gastrointestinal Care
11.6.5 Assessment of Body Image in GI Conditions
11.7 Relationship, intimacy, sexuality and Family planning
11.7.1 Impact on relationships and intimacy
11.7.2 Sexual dysfunction and psychosocial contributors
11.7.3 Family planning considerations
11.7.4 Assessment of intimacy and sexuality in gastrointestinal conditions
11.7.5 Barriers to assessment
11.7.6 Interventions to support sexuality and intimacy
11.8 Work and education
11.9 The role of Nurses in the care of individuals with Gastrointestinal conditions
11.9.1 Clinical and Multidisciplinary Role
11.9.2 GI Oncology and Procedural Care
11.9.3 Psychosocial Support
11.9.4 Education and Patient Empowerment
11.9.5 Leadership, Research, and Service Development
11.9.6 Conclusion
11.10 Reflective questions
References
Dedication
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1: Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
Conor Hamilton
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of the Digestive system
1.3 Basic Cell Structure of the GI tract
1.3.1 Mucosa
1.3.2 Epithelium
1.3.3 Submucosa
1.3.4 Muscularis Externa
1.3.5 Serosa and Adventitia
1.4 Mouth and pharynx.
1.4.1 The lips.
1.4.2 The cheeks.
1.4.3 The palate.
1.4.4 The teeth.
1.4.5 Salivary Glands.
1.4.6 The tongue.
1.4.7 Pharynx
1.5 The Oesophagus
1.5.1 Blood supply of the oesophagus
1.5.2 Innervation of the oesophagus
1.5.3 Lymph drainage of the oesophagus
1.6 The stomach
1.6.1 Innervation of the stomach.
1.6.2 Blood supply to the stomach.
1.7 The Pancreas
1.7.1 Physiology of the Pancreas
1.7.2 Pancreatic blood supply
1.7.3 Pancreatic innervation
1.7.4 Pancreatic lymphatic drainage.
1.8 The Liver
1.8.1 Vascular Supply
1.8.2 Metabolism of Nutrients
1.8.3 Bile Production and Digestion
1.8.4 Immune Function
1.9 The Gallbladder
1.9.1 Gall bladder blood supply.
1.9.2 Gall bladder innervation.
1.9.3 Gallbladder lymph drainage.
1.10 The Small intestine
1.10.1 Duodenum
1.10.2 Jejunum
1.10.3 Ileum
1.10.4 Blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
1.10.5 Small intestine innervation
1.11 The Large intestine
1.11.1 Large intestinal blood supply
1.11.2 Innervation of the large intestine.
1.12 Reflective questions
Bibliography
Chapter 2: The Oesophagus
Paula Brayford
2.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD/GORD)
2.1.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.1.2 Presentation (Signs & Symptoms)
2.1.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.1.4 Management
2.1.5 Outcomes
2.1.6 Nursing care
2.2 Hiatus Hernia
2.2.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.2.2 Presentation
2.2.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.2.4 Management
2.2.5 Outcomes
2.2.6 Nursing
2.3 Oesophagitis and Oesophageal ulcers
2.3.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
2.3.2 Presentation
2.3.3 Diagnosis and Investigation
2.3.4 Management
2.3.5 Outcomes
2.3.6 Nursing care
2.4 Barrett's oesophagus
2.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.4.2 Presentation (Signs and Symptoms)
2.4.3 Diagnosis and Investigations
2.4.4 Management of non-dysplastic Barrett's Oesophagus
2.4.5 Management of dysplastic BO
2.4.6 Nursing care
2.4.7 Outcomes
2.5 Tumours of the Oesophagus
2.5.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
2.5.2 Presentation
2.5.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.5.4 Management
2.5.5 Outcomes
2.5.6 Nursing Care
2.6 Oesophageal webs and rings
2.6.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.6.2 Presentation
2.6.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.6.4 Management
2.6.5 Outcomes
2.6.6 Nursing
2.7 Oesophageal dysmotility
2.7.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.7.2 Presentation
2.7.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.7.4 Management
2.7.5 Nursing
2.8 Achalasia
2.8.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.8.2 Presentation
2.8.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.8.4 Management
2.8.5 Outcomes
2.9 Oesophageal Diverticula /Pouch
2.9.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.9.2 Presentation
2.9.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.9.4 Management
2.9.5 Outcomes
2.9.6 Nursing
2.10 Eosinophilic oesophagitis
2.10.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.10.2 Presentation
2.10.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.10.4 Management
2.10.5 Outcomes
2.10.6 Nursing care
2.11 Oesophageal Varices
2.11.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.11.2 Presentation
2.11.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.11.4 Management
2.11.5 Outcomes
2.11.6 Nursing
2.12 Mallory Weiss tear
2.12.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
2.12.2 Presentation
2.12.3 Diagnosis and investigations
2.12.4 Management
2.12.5 Outcomes
2.12.6 Nursing
2.13 Reflective Questions
References
Chapter 3: Stomach
Regina Raymond, Marta Da Silva Teixeira
3.1 Gastritis
3.1.1 Classification and Pathogenesis
3.1.2 Clinical Presentation
3.1.3 Diagnostic Approaches
3.1.4 Management Strategies
3.1.5 Lifestyle and Patient Education
3.1.6 Outcomes and the Nurse's Role in Long-Term Care
3.2 Gastric ulcers
3.2.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
3.2.2 Presentation
3.2.3 Diagnosis and Investigations
3.2.4 Management (NICE, 2019)
3.3 Helicobacter Pylori
3.3.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
3.3.2 Presentation
3.3.3 Diagnosis
3.3.4 Management
3.3.5 Outcomes
3.4 Gastroparesis
3.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
3.4.2 Presentation
3.4.3 Diagnosis
3.4.4 Management
3.5 Vascular condition of the stomach
3.5.1 Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
3.5.2 Presentation
3.5.3 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches
3.5.4 Outcomes
3.6 Gastric cancers
3.6.1 Gastric adenocarcinoma
3.6.2 Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
3.6.3 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)
3.6.4 Gastric leiomyoma
3.6.5 Linitis Plastica
3.7 Reflective questions.
References
Chapter 4: Small Bowel
Isobel Mason, Jennie Burch
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Small bowel bleeding
4.3 Small bowel tumours
4.4 Managing iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)
4.5 Small bowel Crohn's disease
4.6 Ileostomy
4.7 Small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
4.8 Acute Diarrhoea
4.9 Giardiasis
4.10 Lactose intolerance
4.11 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
4.12 Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO)
4.13 Case studies and reflective questions
References
Chapter 5: Pancreas and Neuroendocrine Tumours
Stacey Munnelly, Alex Hadall, Scott Oakes, Lynne McCallum, Nikie Jervis
5.1 Pancreatitis
5.1.1 Acute pancreatitis
5.1.2 Chronic pancreatitis
5.2 Pancreatic cysts
5.2.1 What are pancreatic cysts?
5.2.2 Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN)
5.2.3 Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN)
5.2.4 Serous Cystadenoma (SCA)
5.2.5 Non-neoplastic cysts
5.3 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
5.3.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
5.3.2 Presentation
5.3.3 Staging
5.3.4 Management of PDAC
5.3.5 Clinical trials
5.3.6 Symptom support
5.3.7 The Multidisciplinary Team (MDT)
5.4 Pancreatic Neuro-Endocrine neoplasms
5.4.1 Aetiology and pathogenesis
5.4.2 Screening
5.4.3 Clinical Presentation
5.4.4 Diagnosis and Investigation
5.4.5 Functional Imaging
5.4.6 Grading of NETs and NECs
5.4.7 Staging of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.4.8 Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.4.9 Active treatment options
5.4.10 Nutrition in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs)
5.4.11 Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
5.5 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 6: Liver and Biliary system
Sarah Hogg, Nicola Holmes-Long, Kate Jack, Kathryn Houghton,
6.1 The liver
6.1.1 Liver damage
6.1.2 Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH)
6.1.3 Viral Hepatitis
6.1.4 Liver failure
6.1.5 Cirrhosis
6.1.6 Jaundice
6.1.7 Portal hypertension
6.1.8 Oesophageal Varices
6.1.9 Alcohol related liver disease
6.1.10 Ascites
6.1.11 Hepatic encephalopathy
6.1.12 Hepatocellular carcinoma
6.1.13 Liver transplant
6.2 Genetic disorders of the Liver
6.2.1 Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
6.2.2 Haemochromatosis
6.2.3 Wilson Disease
6.3 Autoimmune liver disorders
6.3.1 Autoimmune Hepatitis
6.3.2 Primary biliary cholangitis
6.3.3 Primary sclerosing cholangitis
6.3.4 Other Auto immune associated liver conditions
6.4 Biliary System
6.4.1 Gallstones and Cholecystitis
6.4.2 Acute cholangitis
6.4.3 Gallbladder polyps
6.4.4 Biliary Tract Cancer
6.4.5 Gall bladder cancer
6.4.6 Cholangiacarcinoma
6.4.7 Periampullary cancer
6.5 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 7: Colon, rectum and anus
Jennie Burch
7.1 Polyps
7.1.1 Aetiology
7.1.2 Presentation
7.1.3 Diagnosis
7.1.4 Management
7.1.5 Learning points
7.2 Colorectal cancer
7.2.1 Aetiology
7.2.2 Bowel cancer screening
7.3 Primary colorectal lymphoma
7.3.1 Aetiology
7.3.2 Pathogenesis
7.3.3 Presentation
7.3.4 Diagnosis
7.3.5 Management
7.3.6 Support groups
7.4 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST)
7.4.1 Pathogenesis
7.4.2 Presentation
7.4.3 Management
7.4.4 Outcomes
7.4.5 Learning points
7.5 Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs)
7.5.1 Presentation
7.5.2 Management
7.5.3 Outcomes
7.5.4 Learning points
7.6 Lynch Syndrome
7.6.1 Aetiology
7.6.2 Pathogenesis
7.6.3 Management
7.7 Familial adenomatous polyposis
7.7.1 Aetiology
7.7.2 Presentation
7.7.3 Diagnosis
7.7.4 Management
7.8 Anal cancer
7.8.1 Aetiology
7.8.2 Pathogenesis
7.8.3 Presentation
7.8.4 Diagnosis
7.8.5 Management
7.8.6 Outcomes
7.9 Diverticular disease
7.9.1 Aetiology
7.9.2 Presentation
7.9.3 Diagnosis
7.9.4 Management
7.10 Appendicitis
7.10.1 Diagnosis
7.10.2 Presentation
7.10.3 Management
7.11 Haemorrhoids
7.11.1 Aetiology
7.11.2 Presentation
7.11.3 Diagnosis
7.11.4 Management
7.12 Anal fissure
7.12.1 Aetiology
7.12.2 Presentation
7.12.3 Diagnosis
7.12.4 Management
7.13 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
7.13.1 Aetiology
7.13.2 Presentation
7.13.3 Diagnosis
7.13.4 Management
7.14 Pilonidal abscess
7.15 Perianal abscess
7.15.1 Aetiology
7.15.2 Management
7.16 Anal Fistula
7.16.1 Aetiology
7.16.2 Pathogenesis
7.16.3 Presentation
7.16.4 Diagnosis
7.16.5 Management
7.16.6 Outcomes
7.16.7 Learning points
7.17 Constipation
7.17.1 Aetiology
7.17.2 Diagnosis
7.17.3 Management
7.18 Diarrhoea
7.18.1 Aetiology
7.18.2 Pathogenesis
7.18.3 Presentation
7.18.4 Diagnosis
7.18.5 Management
7.18.6 Learning points
7.19 Anal incontinence
7.19.1 Aetiology
7.19.2 Diagnosis
7.19.3 Management
7.20 Lower anterior resection syndrome (LARS)
7.20.1 Aetiology
7.20.2 Presentation
7.20.3 Diagnosis
7.20.4 Management
7.20.5 Outcomes
7.21 Haematochezia
7.21.1 Aetiology
7.21.2 Pathogenesis
7.21.3 Diagnosis
7.21.4 Management
7.22 Melaena
7.23 Colostomy
7.23.1 Aetiology
7.23.2 Management
7.24 Reflective questions
7.24.1 Case study and reflective questions
7.24.2 Case study and reflective questions
References
Chapter 8: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Stephanie Bourne, Shellie Radford
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Ulcerative Colitis
8.1.2 Crohn's Disease
8.1.3 Incidence and Prevalence
8.2 Extra intestinal manifestations
8.3 Classification of disease
8.3.1 UC
8.3.2 CD
8.4 Treatments
8.4.1 Medical
8.4.2 Surgical
8.5 Psychological impact and quality of life
8.6 The IBD MDT
8.7 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 9: Nursing in the Endoscopy setting
Lindsey Scarisbrick, Leigh Donnelley
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Endoscopy service
9.3 Governance
9.4 Joint Advisory Group for GI Endoscopy (JAG)
9.5 Endoscopy workforce
9.5.1 Pre-assessment
9.5.2 Admission
9.5.3 Intra-procedure
9.5.4 Recovery and discharge
9.6 Training
9.7 Unit leadership team
9.8 Innovation of roles
9.8.1 Practice educator - Endoscopy specific
9.8.2 Inpatient liaison
9.9 Sustainable Endoscopy Services
9.9.1 Climate change and the NHS
9.9.2 Triple Bottom Line
9.9.3 Nursing impact on sustainable practices
9.9.4 Greener Endoscopy
9.10 Reflective questions
References
Chapter 10: Nutrition in Gastrointestinal Disease
Annelie Shaw
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Importance of nutrition in GI disease
10.3 The GI Tract: A Nutritional and Immunological Organ
10.4 Clinical Consequences of Nutritional Deficits
10.5 Nutrition in Specific GI Conditions
10.5.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
10.5.2 Coeliac Disease
10.5.3 Pancreatitis
10.5.4 Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) and Malabsorptive Disorders
10.5.5 Gastrointestinal Cancers
10.5.6 Chronic Liver Disease
10.5.7 Functional GI Disorders and Dysmotility
10.6 Malnutrition in Gastrointestinal Disease
10.6.1 Definition and Types of Malnutrition
10.6.2 Causes of Malnutrition in GI Disease
10.6.3 Identification and Screening
10.6.4 The Role of Nurses in Early Identification and Intervention
10.6.5 Clinical Consequences of Malnutrition
10.7 Oral Nutritional Support
10.7.1 An introduction to Oral Nutritional Support
10.7.2 Roles and responsibilities in Oral Nutrition Support
10.7.3 Supporting Food-First Strategies and Monitoring Intake
10.7.4 Supporting Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS)
10.7.5 Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Continuity of Care
10.7.6 Addressing Workforce Challenges
10.8 Oral Nutritional Support Strategies
10.8.1 Dietary Counselling
10.8.2 Food Fortification
10.8.3 Snack-Based Approaches
10.8.4 Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS)
10.8.5 Types of Oral Nutritional Supplements by Composition
10.9 Individualisation and Monitoring
10.10 Enteral Nutrition
10.10.1 Introduction to and indications for enteral feeding
10.11 Benefits of Enteral Nutrition Compared to Parenteral Nutrition
10.11.1 Maintains Gut Integrity and Function
10.11.2 Reduces Infectious Complications
10.11.3 Improved Glycaemic Control
10.11.4 Immunological Benefits
10.11.5 Cost-Effectiveness
10.11.6 Fewer Metabolic Complications
10.12 Enteral Feed Delivery
10.12.1 Bolus Feeding
10.12.2 Continuous Feeding
10.12.3 Types of formulae
10.13 Parenteral Nutrition
10.13.1 Indications for Parenteral Nutrition
10.13.2 Routes of Administration
10.13.3 Monitoring and Nursing Responsibilities
10.14 Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN)
10.15 Types of Feeding Tubes
10.15.1 Nasogastric (NG) Tubes
10.15.2 Nasojejunal (NJ) Tubes
10.15.3 Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG)
10.15.4 Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy (RIG)
10.15.5 Jejunostomies and Gastrojejunostomies (GJ)
10.16 The Nursing Role in Nutritional Care
10.17 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Psycho-Social Impact of Gastrointestinal Disease
Wladyslawa Czuber-Dochan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pain
11.2.1 Aetiology of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.2 Signs and Symptoms of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.3 Assessing Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.4 Management of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.2.5 Impact of Pain in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3 Fatigue
11.3.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.2 Signs and Symptoms of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.3 Assessing Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.4 Management of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.3.5 Impact of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.4 Urgency and faecal incontinence
11.4.1 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
11.4.2 Signs and Symptoms
11.4.3 Assessment
11.4.4 Management of Urgency and Faecal Incontinence in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.4.5 Psychosocial Impact
11.5 Anxiety, depression and distress
11.5.1 Signs and symptoms
11.5.2 Assessment of anxiety, depression and distress in Gastrointestinal Conditions
11.5.3 Approaches to management of anxiety, depression and distress in GI conditions
11.5.4 Integrated and Multidisciplinary Care
11.5.5 Patient Education and Self-Management
11.5.6 Impact of anxiety, depression and distress in GI conditions
11.6 Body image
11.6.1 Biological Dimensions
11.6.2 Psychological Dimensions
11.6.3 Social Dimensions
11.6.4 Towards Holistic Gastrointestinal Care
11.6.5 Assessment of Body Image in GI Conditions
11.7 Relationship, intimacy, sexuality and Family planning
11.7.1 Impact on relationships and intimacy
11.7.2 Sexual dysfunction and psychosocial contributors
11.7.3 Family planning considerations
11.7.4 Assessment of intimacy and sexuality in gastrointestinal conditions
11.7.5 Barriers to assessment
11.7.6 Interventions to support sexuality and intimacy
11.8 Work and education
11.9 The role of Nurses in the care of individuals with Gastrointestinal conditions
11.9.1 Clinical and Multidisciplinary Role
11.9.2 GI Oncology and Procedural Care
11.9.3 Psychosocial Support
11.9.4 Education and Patient Empowerment
11.9.5 Leadership, Research, and Service Development
11.9.6 Conclusion
11.10 Reflective questions
References
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