Fairness in Criminal Appeal

Part I: Introduction.- The ECtHR case-law on immediacy in criminal appeal.- Part II: Criminal appeal immediacy models and the ECtHR case-law.- The evidence renewal model in Italy.- The retrial model in Spain.- The audio recordings model in Portugal: The appeal court's perspective.- The audio recordings model in Portugal: The defendant's and the victim's perspectives.- Part III: Immediacy in criminal procedure theory and cognitive sciences.- Immediacy at the first instance trial.- Audio-visual recordings as evidence in criminal procedure.- Neuroscience of memory and philosophy of knowledge challenges to immediacy.- AI assistance in the courtroom and immediacy.- Part IV: Concluding thoughts.- On the legitimacy of the ECtHR's criminal appeal immediacy requirement.

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• Direito internacional dos direitos humanos
• Trbunais internacionais e processos
• Direito criminal internacional

Criminal Appeal;European Court of Human Rights;Appeal Court;Right to Appeal;Right to an Appeal Hearing;Witnesses' Testimonies;Recorded Evidence;AI Assistance in the Courtroom;Fair Trial;Immediacy Principle;European Convention on Human Rights;Case Law;Law Reform;Neuroscience of Memory in the Courtroom