Process Design for Cryogenics

FOREWORD AND INTRODUCTION

CRYOGENICS GASES

REFRIGERATION AND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

CLASSIC JOULE-THOMSON PROCESS
Joule-Thomson effect
Joule Thomson Process Description
Cooling capacity of the Joule Thomson process
Real process design procedure
Thermodynamic losses in Joule Thomson process (loss in heat exchanger, throttle device, argumentation chain)
Hardware components for Joule Thomson refrigerator
Sample of a Joule Thomson- refrigerator
Optimization
Control issues
Evaluation of the Joule Thomson process and summary

MIXED GAS JOULE THOMSON PROCESS
Effect
Process Description
Cooling capacity
Real process design procedure
Thermodynamic losses
Hardware components
Sample of Claude refrigerator
Optimization
Control issues
Evaluation of the mixed gas Joule Thomson process and summary

NATURAL GAS LIQUEFACTION

EXPANSION IN AN EXPANDER

BRAYTON PROCESS
Effect
Process Description
Cooling capacity
Real process design procedure
Thermodynamic losses
Hardware components
Sample of Brayton refrigerator
Optimization
Control issues
Evaluation of the Brayton process and summary

CLAUDE PROCESS
Effect
Process Description
Cooling capacity
Real process design procedure
Thermodynamic losses
Hardware components
Sample of Claude refrigerator
Optimization
Control issues
Evaluation of the Claude process and summary

HELIUM LIQUEFACTION

HYDROGEN LIQUEFACTION

AIR SEPARATION
Effect
Process Description
Real process design procedure
Thermodynamic losses
Hardware components
Optimization
Control issues
Evaluation of the air separation process and summary

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

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• Engenharia química
• Criogenia

nitrogen; oxygen; argon; neon; hydrogen; helium; methane; Thermodynamics; Typical cryogenic refrigeration processes; classic Joule Thomson process; mixed-gas Joule Thomson process; expander-based processes; Brayton cycle Claude cycle; Helium liquefaction; hydrogen liquefaction; Helium air separation; hydrogen air separation; industrial gases; cryogenic processes; cryogenics; cryogenics theory; cryogenic practical applications