Defamation and the Right to Freedom of Speech
portes grátis
Defamation and the Right to Freedom of Speech
The UK in Comparative Perspective
Jones, Mariette
Taylor & Francis Ltd
06/2024
190
Dura
9781032520025
15 a 20 dias
Descrição não disponível.
Introduction 1
General background 2
Chapter summaries 4
1 Defamation and freedom of speech 6
Freedom of speech 6
Reputation 9
Other threats to free speech 11
The balancing exercise 13
England and Wales 15
The United States of America 17
Germany 20
The European Court of Human Rights 22
Conclusion 23
2 Common law of defamation in England and Wales prior to the Defamation Act 2013 25
Introduction 25
The common law tort of defamation 26
Defamatory statement 26
'Single meaning' rule 29
Peculiar characteristics of the tort of defamation which may have led to the imbalance vis-a-vis free speech 31
Strict liability 31
Presumption of harm: actionable per se 33
Presumption of falsity 34
Free speech rationale for defamation reform 37
The chilling effect 37
Costs 38
Libel tourism 39
Conclusion 42
3 Defamation law in England and Wales after the 2013 reforms 45
Introduction 45
The Defamation Act 2013: the claimant 47
Defamatory meaning 48
Serious harm to reputation 51
Jury trials 'abolished' 63
Libel tourism 64
The Defamation Act 2013: defences 64
Truth 65
Honest opinion 66
Privilege 67
Publication on matter of public interest: successor to the Reynolds defence 69
Claims against persons who are not the primary publisher of the defamatory statement 79
Analysis 82
The Depp cases 82
Miscellaneous 85
Cost and complexity 85
Strict liability and the reverse burden of proof retained 89
The presumption of falsity retained 90
Summary 91
4 Defamation in the United States of America 93
Introduction 93
Constitutional protection of freedom of speech 94
Permissible limitation of freedom of expression in the United States 97
Clear and present danger (of imminent lawless action) 97
Prohibition against prior constraint 97
Compelling reason necessary for restriction of freedom of expression 98
Contemporary US defamation law 100
New York Times v Sullivan 100
From public officials to public figures 102
Purely private figures: Gertz 102
Comparison to UK defamation law 103
Analysis 107
Conclusion 109
5 Defamation in Germany 110
Introduction 110
Some caveats for the common law scholar 111
Constitutional protection of the right to freedom of expression 116
Protection of reputation as a subcategory of personality rights 117
Defamation law in Germany 118
Case study: the Jan Boehmermann affair 122
Guidelines from the German Federal Constitutional Court 124
Balancing exercise 125
Public discourse, context, and the right to reply 129
Status of the libel complainant 130
Opinions as opposed to abusive criticism 130
Analysis 134
6 Defamation in the European Court of Human Rights 138
Introduction 138
The ECtHR: balancing competing rights 139
Recognition of the chilling effect 140
Developments in the ECtHR 142
Freedom of expression 142
How the right to privacy being conflated with reputational rights led to a devaluation of the status of article 10 143
Balancing articles 10 and 8 148
Application in the ECtHR: a case study of Delfi v Estonia and Hoiness v Norway 155
Analysis 161
Balancing speech with reputation 162
The proportionality test 162
Margin of appreciation: types of speech 163
7 Analysis and conclusions 164
The value of a comparative analysis 165
Reputation, speech, and the events that led to the Defamation Act 2013 165
The Defamation Act 2013 169
United States 174
Germany 175
European Court of Human Rights 176
Conclusion 178
Index 180
General background 2
Chapter summaries 4
1 Defamation and freedom of speech 6
Freedom of speech 6
Reputation 9
Other threats to free speech 11
The balancing exercise 13
England and Wales 15
The United States of America 17
Germany 20
The European Court of Human Rights 22
Conclusion 23
2 Common law of defamation in England and Wales prior to the Defamation Act 2013 25
Introduction 25
The common law tort of defamation 26
Defamatory statement 26
'Single meaning' rule 29
Peculiar characteristics of the tort of defamation which may have led to the imbalance vis-a-vis free speech 31
Strict liability 31
Presumption of harm: actionable per se 33
Presumption of falsity 34
Free speech rationale for defamation reform 37
The chilling effect 37
Costs 38
Libel tourism 39
Conclusion 42
3 Defamation law in England and Wales after the 2013 reforms 45
Introduction 45
The Defamation Act 2013: the claimant 47
Defamatory meaning 48
Serious harm to reputation 51
Jury trials 'abolished' 63
Libel tourism 64
The Defamation Act 2013: defences 64
Truth 65
Honest opinion 66
Privilege 67
Publication on matter of public interest: successor to the Reynolds defence 69
Claims against persons who are not the primary publisher of the defamatory statement 79
Analysis 82
The Depp cases 82
Miscellaneous 85
Cost and complexity 85
Strict liability and the reverse burden of proof retained 89
The presumption of falsity retained 90
Summary 91
4 Defamation in the United States of America 93
Introduction 93
Constitutional protection of freedom of speech 94
Permissible limitation of freedom of expression in the United States 97
Clear and present danger (of imminent lawless action) 97
Prohibition against prior constraint 97
Compelling reason necessary for restriction of freedom of expression 98
Contemporary US defamation law 100
New York Times v Sullivan 100
From public officials to public figures 102
Purely private figures: Gertz 102
Comparison to UK defamation law 103
Analysis 107
Conclusion 109
5 Defamation in Germany 110
Introduction 110
Some caveats for the common law scholar 111
Constitutional protection of the right to freedom of expression 116
Protection of reputation as a subcategory of personality rights 117
Defamation law in Germany 118
Case study: the Jan Boehmermann affair 122
Guidelines from the German Federal Constitutional Court 124
Balancing exercise 125
Public discourse, context, and the right to reply 129
Status of the libel complainant 130
Opinions as opposed to abusive criticism 130
Analysis 134
6 Defamation in the European Court of Human Rights 138
Introduction 138
The ECtHR: balancing competing rights 139
Recognition of the chilling effect 140
Developments in the ECtHR 142
Freedom of expression 142
How the right to privacy being conflated with reputational rights led to a devaluation of the status of article 10 143
Balancing articles 10 and 8 148
Application in the ECtHR: a case study of Delfi v Estonia and Hoiness v Norway 155
Analysis 161
Balancing speech with reputation 162
The proportionality test 162
Margin of appreciation: types of speech 163
7 Analysis and conclusions 164
The value of a comparative analysis 165
Reputation, speech, and the events that led to the Defamation Act 2013 165
The Defamation Act 2013 169
United States 174
Germany 175
European Court of Human Rights 176
Conclusion 178
Index 180
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Defamation;Libel;Freedom of speech;Freedom of expression;Reputation;Comparative analysis;United States of America;Germany;European Court of Human Rights;Personality rights;Balancing exercise
Introduction 1
General background 2
Chapter summaries 4
1 Defamation and freedom of speech 6
Freedom of speech 6
Reputation 9
Other threats to free speech 11
The balancing exercise 13
England and Wales 15
The United States of America 17
Germany 20
The European Court of Human Rights 22
Conclusion 23
2 Common law of defamation in England and Wales prior to the Defamation Act 2013 25
Introduction 25
The common law tort of defamation 26
Defamatory statement 26
'Single meaning' rule 29
Peculiar characteristics of the tort of defamation which may have led to the imbalance vis-a-vis free speech 31
Strict liability 31
Presumption of harm: actionable per se 33
Presumption of falsity 34
Free speech rationale for defamation reform 37
The chilling effect 37
Costs 38
Libel tourism 39
Conclusion 42
3 Defamation law in England and Wales after the 2013 reforms 45
Introduction 45
The Defamation Act 2013: the claimant 47
Defamatory meaning 48
Serious harm to reputation 51
Jury trials 'abolished' 63
Libel tourism 64
The Defamation Act 2013: defences 64
Truth 65
Honest opinion 66
Privilege 67
Publication on matter of public interest: successor to the Reynolds defence 69
Claims against persons who are not the primary publisher of the defamatory statement 79
Analysis 82
The Depp cases 82
Miscellaneous 85
Cost and complexity 85
Strict liability and the reverse burden of proof retained 89
The presumption of falsity retained 90
Summary 91
4 Defamation in the United States of America 93
Introduction 93
Constitutional protection of freedom of speech 94
Permissible limitation of freedom of expression in the United States 97
Clear and present danger (of imminent lawless action) 97
Prohibition against prior constraint 97
Compelling reason necessary for restriction of freedom of expression 98
Contemporary US defamation law 100
New York Times v Sullivan 100
From public officials to public figures 102
Purely private figures: Gertz 102
Comparison to UK defamation law 103
Analysis 107
Conclusion 109
5 Defamation in Germany 110
Introduction 110
Some caveats for the common law scholar 111
Constitutional protection of the right to freedom of expression 116
Protection of reputation as a subcategory of personality rights 117
Defamation law in Germany 118
Case study: the Jan Boehmermann affair 122
Guidelines from the German Federal Constitutional Court 124
Balancing exercise 125
Public discourse, context, and the right to reply 129
Status of the libel complainant 130
Opinions as opposed to abusive criticism 130
Analysis 134
6 Defamation in the European Court of Human Rights 138
Introduction 138
The ECtHR: balancing competing rights 139
Recognition of the chilling effect 140
Developments in the ECtHR 142
Freedom of expression 142
How the right to privacy being conflated with reputational rights led to a devaluation of the status of article 10 143
Balancing articles 10 and 8 148
Application in the ECtHR: a case study of Delfi v Estonia and Hoiness v Norway 155
Analysis 161
Balancing speech with reputation 162
The proportionality test 162
Margin of appreciation: types of speech 163
7 Analysis and conclusions 164
The value of a comparative analysis 165
Reputation, speech, and the events that led to the Defamation Act 2013 165
The Defamation Act 2013 169
United States 174
Germany 175
European Court of Human Rights 176
Conclusion 178
Index 180
General background 2
Chapter summaries 4
1 Defamation and freedom of speech 6
Freedom of speech 6
Reputation 9
Other threats to free speech 11
The balancing exercise 13
England and Wales 15
The United States of America 17
Germany 20
The European Court of Human Rights 22
Conclusion 23
2 Common law of defamation in England and Wales prior to the Defamation Act 2013 25
Introduction 25
The common law tort of defamation 26
Defamatory statement 26
'Single meaning' rule 29
Peculiar characteristics of the tort of defamation which may have led to the imbalance vis-a-vis free speech 31
Strict liability 31
Presumption of harm: actionable per se 33
Presumption of falsity 34
Free speech rationale for defamation reform 37
The chilling effect 37
Costs 38
Libel tourism 39
Conclusion 42
3 Defamation law in England and Wales after the 2013 reforms 45
Introduction 45
The Defamation Act 2013: the claimant 47
Defamatory meaning 48
Serious harm to reputation 51
Jury trials 'abolished' 63
Libel tourism 64
The Defamation Act 2013: defences 64
Truth 65
Honest opinion 66
Privilege 67
Publication on matter of public interest: successor to the Reynolds defence 69
Claims against persons who are not the primary publisher of the defamatory statement 79
Analysis 82
The Depp cases 82
Miscellaneous 85
Cost and complexity 85
Strict liability and the reverse burden of proof retained 89
The presumption of falsity retained 90
Summary 91
4 Defamation in the United States of America 93
Introduction 93
Constitutional protection of freedom of speech 94
Permissible limitation of freedom of expression in the United States 97
Clear and present danger (of imminent lawless action) 97
Prohibition against prior constraint 97
Compelling reason necessary for restriction of freedom of expression 98
Contemporary US defamation law 100
New York Times v Sullivan 100
From public officials to public figures 102
Purely private figures: Gertz 102
Comparison to UK defamation law 103
Analysis 107
Conclusion 109
5 Defamation in Germany 110
Introduction 110
Some caveats for the common law scholar 111
Constitutional protection of the right to freedom of expression 116
Protection of reputation as a subcategory of personality rights 117
Defamation law in Germany 118
Case study: the Jan Boehmermann affair 122
Guidelines from the German Federal Constitutional Court 124
Balancing exercise 125
Public discourse, context, and the right to reply 129
Status of the libel complainant 130
Opinions as opposed to abusive criticism 130
Analysis 134
6 Defamation in the European Court of Human Rights 138
Introduction 138
The ECtHR: balancing competing rights 139
Recognition of the chilling effect 140
Developments in the ECtHR 142
Freedom of expression 142
How the right to privacy being conflated with reputational rights led to a devaluation of the status of article 10 143
Balancing articles 10 and 8 148
Application in the ECtHR: a case study of Delfi v Estonia and Hoiness v Norway 155
Analysis 161
Balancing speech with reputation 162
The proportionality test 162
Margin of appreciation: types of speech 163
7 Analysis and conclusions 164
The value of a comparative analysis 165
Reputation, speech, and the events that led to the Defamation Act 2013 165
The Defamation Act 2013 169
United States 174
Germany 175
European Court of Human Rights 176
Conclusion 178
Index 180
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